二十世纪，蒙古一直在大国之间左右逢源，这么多年来，经济发展却并不怎么样，作为内陆国，经济建设一直没有起色。在海外问答网站Quora上，外国网友提问道：土地广袤，资源丰富，蒙古为何就发展不起来？这引起各国专家和网友的热议，我们看看他们的观点。
中国网友江宏达的回答
About ten years ago, just before my father retired, he went to Mongolia on business. He told me this after he came back:
大约十年前，就在我父亲退休前，他去蒙古出差，这是他回来后告诉我的：
Despite the population difference between them (22 million: about 3 million), not to mention the climate and soil fertility, the only bargaining chip left for Mongolia today is to negotiate between super power. This country has rich reserves of coking coal, gold and copper. Why do they still bear so many loans?
撇开他们之间的人口数量不谈，也不要说气候和土壤肥力，今天留给蒙古国唯一讨价还价筹码是在大国之间周旋，这个国家有丰富的焦煤、黄金和铜储量，那为什么他们还背负这么多贷款呢？
Because most mining rights are in private hands. Although some large mines, such as Tavan Tolgoi, are owned by the state, however, it is too difficult to mine these mines (Tavan Tolgoi). There are only a few roads between the mines and the outside world. The poor infrastructure makes the government have to cooperate with private consortia.
因为大部分采矿权掌握在私人手中。塔万陶勒盖等一些大型矿山虽然归国家所有，然而，这些矿（Tavan Tolgoi）开采难度太大，无法开采，矿井与外界之间只有几条道路相连，糟糕的基础设施让官方不得不与私人财团合作。
The soil layer of the Mongolian grassland is thin, so the vegetation is relatively thin. The soil layer is covered by various things like gravel. Because there is no reasonable infrastructure and road planning, mining vehicles are constantly running over the vast grassland. We know that the vegetation is very thin. Once the grassland is damaged, it will never grow back. This process is irreversible.
蒙古草原土层较薄，植被因此相对较薄，覆盖土层的是各种各样像砾石的东西。因为没有合理地基础设施和道路的规划，开矿车辆不断地从广袤的草原上碾过，我们知道植被很薄，一旦草原被破坏，它就再也长不回来了，这个过程是不可逆转的。
Fortunately, many foreign companies have cooperated with them in coking coal and other coarse ores. These special coal transportation lines were built by the foreigners because their roads and railways are too bad. This country already owes a lot of debts. They cannot use loans to build roads, but if they do not build roads, the transportation volume of coking coal will not increase, and there will be no funds for road construction. This has become a vicious circle.
幸好有许多外国公司在炼焦煤和其他粗矿方面与他们合作，这些特殊的煤炭运输线路是由外国人出资建造的，因为他们的公路和铁路实在太糟糕了。这个国家已经欠了很多债务，他们不能用贷款修路，但如果他们不修路，焦煤运输量将不会增加，也不会有资金用于修路，这变成了一个恶性循环。
The country is governed by two major political parties in turn, with the rich ruling. The so-called modern system seems to exist only in name. The continuous struggle between political groups and political parties is a huge obstacle to economic growth. As a country with a small population density and rich natural resources, they should be as rich as Kuwait or the United Arab Emirates, but the fact is just the opposite. You see, economic development and GDP per capita have nothing to do with population. They are closely related to education level, political stability, infrastructure, domestic and foreign policies, etc. Population can be human resources or liabilities.
这个国家由两个主要政党轮流执政，富人统治，所谓现代化制度似乎只是名义上的存在。政治团体和政党之间的持续斗争是经济增长的巨大障碍。作为一个人口密度稀少、自然资源丰富的国家，他们本应该像科威特或阿联酋一样富裕，可事实正好相反。你看，经济发展和人均GDP与人口无关，它与教育水平、政治稳定、基础设施、国内外政策等息息相关。人口可以是人力资源，也可以是负债。
Nomadic mentality - wrestlers, Buddhist priests, Shamanists are all respected in Mongolia. On the other hand, most Mongolians look down on scientists, highly intelligent nerds, doctors, professors and teachers, which is diametrically opposite to Chinese Han culture.
游牧心态——摔跤手、佛教神父、萨满教在蒙古国都是受人尊敬的。另一方面，大多数蒙古国人看不上科学家、高智商、医生、教授、老师，这与汉文化截然相反。
Despite this, Mongolia is such a beautiful country that many Westerners have the illusion that this is what the world looked like at the beginning of Genesis. Therefore, as a tourist destination, Mongolia is still good, but only limited to that.
尽管如此，蒙古是一个如此美丽的国家，以至于许多西方人来这里旅游后有一种错觉，认为这就是《创世纪》开始时这个世界的样子，所以，作为一个旅游目的地蒙古国还是很好的，但也仅限于此。
In 2013, Mongolia's GDP (gross domestic product) reached a new historical high, totaling US $12.58 billion, but it has been declining in recent years, with a GDP of US $15.1 billion in 2021. Let's multiply this figure by 21, which is about 317.1 billion dollars.
2013年，蒙古国的GDP（国内生产总值）达到历史新高，总计125.8亿美元，但近年来一直呈下降趋势，2021年的GDP为151亿美元。让我们把这个数字乘以21，大约是3171亿美元。
内蒙古工业区
In 2021, the GDP of Inner Mongolia will be 318 billion US dollars, with an annual growth rate of 5.3%. Although the growth rate is slower than that of the national economy, it is still impressive.
2021年，中国内蒙古地区GDP为3180亿美元，年增长率为5.3%。尽管增长速度慢于国民经济发展速度，但仍令人印象深刻。
So, what can explain the huge difference between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia? Could population be a factor? According to the real-time population feedback on Worldometers website on June 17, 2019, Mongolia has a population of 3.16 million. At the same time, according to the 2010 China Population Census, the population of Inner Mongolia is 24.71 million.
那么，什么可以解释蒙古和内蒙古地区之间的巨大差异呢？人口数量可能是一个因素吗？根据Worldometers网站2019年6月17日的实时人口反馈，蒙古人口为316万。同时，根据2010年中国人口普查，内蒙古地区人口为2471万。
Mongolia cannot say that they lack natural resources or are difficult to create business opportunities. The country is a fertile breeding and grazing land for lambs, horses and yaks. Mongolians like to eat meat, so they can increase livestock production.
蒙古不能说他们缺乏自然资源或难以创造商业机会。该国是羔羊、马和牦牛的肥沃繁殖地和放牧地。蒙古人喜欢吃肉，所以他们可以提高牲畜产量。
Mongolia also has rich underground mineral and mining resources. With the increase of foreign direct investment (FDI), the improvement of the business environment and the in-depth cooperation between the government and companies operating in Mongolia, Mongolia's GDP growth potential is huge.
蒙古还拥有丰富的地下矿产和采矿资源。随着外国直接投资（FDI）的增加、商业环境的改善以及政府与在蒙古经营的公司之间的深入合作，蒙古的GDP增长潜力巨大。
However, facts have proved that Mongolia's opening of its market to foreign companies is unreliable, which hinders the progress of its economic growth model. Rio Tinto, the world's second largest mining company, has promised to expand the production of Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia, with a planned injection of 5.3 billion dollars, but the Mongolian government continues to delay and intervene.
然而，事实证明，蒙古向外国公司开放市场是不可靠的，这阻碍了其经济增长模式的进步。世界第二大矿业公司力拓（Rio Tinto）已承诺扩大蒙古奥尤陶勒盖（Oyu Tolgoi）的生产，计划注入53亿美元，但国内当局不断拖延和干预。
力拓集团
According to the report of the mining company: "From now to 2024, the extension of the project will reduce the free cash flow of the mine by about $1 billion, of which about $340 million will be owned by Rio Tinto. The company holds 66% of the shares of the mine through Turquoise Hill, and the Mongolian government holds the remaining shares. The Rio Tinto holding company, Turquoise Hill, which owns 66% of the shares of the project, confirmed on Tuesday that the sustainable production of Oyu Tolgoi will be realized by the end of the third quarter of 2021, and the company attributed the nine month stagnation to the challenges Combat ground conditions (roads and other infrastructure) and delay in completion of shaft 2. "
据矿业公司报告：“从现在到2024年，项目延期将使该矿的自由现金流减少约10亿美元，其中约3.4亿美元归力拓所有。该公司通过绿松石山持有该矿66%的股份，蒙古政府持有剩余股份。拥有该项目66%股权的力拓控股公司绿松石山周二证实，奥尤陶勒盖的可持续生产在2021第三季度末实现，该公司将9个月的停滞归因于具有挑战性的地面条件（道路等基础设施）和2号竖井竣工的延迟。”
Therefore, the Mongolian can only blame itself for failing to improve the country's economic situation. It should be noted that in recent years, western governments have promised to increase their support to Ulaanbaatar, but we can see that they have failed to achieve positive results and benefit the good people of Mongolia.
因此，蒙古只能怪自己未能改善国家的经济状况。人们应该注意到，近年来，西方政府承诺加大对乌兰巴托的支持力度，但我们可以看到，它们未能取得积极成果，造福蒙古的善良人民。
At the same time, people in Inner Mongolia who live and do business are enjoying more prosperity as a part of China. The western media reported that the capital of this region is becoming the core city in northern China. If you go to Hohhot, this city is very dynamic and many people live there.
与此同时，生活和经商的内蒙古人，作为中国的一部分，正享受着更多的繁荣。西部媒体报道称，该地区首府正成为中国北方的地区核心城市，如果你去呼和浩特，这个城市很有活力，很多人都住在那里。
China has successfully built more important infrastructure in Inner Mongolia to ensure closer ties between residents and the rest of China. Therefore, Inner Mongolia has achieved greater success in economy, society.
中国成功地在内蒙古建设了更重要的基础设施，以确保居民与国内其他地区的联系更加紧密。因此，内蒙古在经济、社会上取得了更大的成功。
蒙古网友科尔格的回答
To be honest, I think this is because our land is not the easiest to develop, and we have only 3 million people, many of whom still live a traditional nomadic life to some extent, and how to develop it will not help.
老实说，我认为这是因为我们的土地不是最容易开发的，而且我们只有300万人口，其中许多人在某种程度上仍然过着传统的游牧生活，怎样发展也无济于事。
Nomads have never been suitable for an industrialized urban lifestyle, and Ulaanbaatar, the capital, is a mess. It was built in the Soviet period, and the condition of infrastructure has not changed much. At that time, the number of openings for people in the city was much smaller than it is now. It can be clearly seen from a large number of traffic jams, shantytowns around the city, and the lack of appropriate health services.
游牧民族从来就不适合工业化的城市生活方式，首都乌兰巴托就是一团糟。它是在苏联时期建成的，基础设施的状况没有多大变化。当时城市设置的人开口容纳规模比现在要少得多，从大量的交通拥堵、城市周围的棚户区、缺乏适当的卫生服务等方面可以明显看出。
乌兰巴托
Yes, it looks like a city, but it is a city where nomads live. Compared with East Asia, Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing and other cities have hundreds of years of history and development. We may have conquered and plundered these cities in the past, but we have never really cared about creating and managing our own cities. We always like nomadic ways, even until the 21st century.
是的，它看起来像一座城市，但它是一座游牧民族居住的城市。与东亚相比，东京、首尔、北京等城市有着数百年的历史和发展。我们过去可能征服和掠夺过这些城市，但我们从来没有真正关心过创建和管理我们自己的城市，我们总是喜欢游牧方式，甚至直到21世纪。
However, one of the advantages of nomads is that we are pragmatic. The religious rule for several centuries after the Yuan Dynasty made us live in a dark era, making us lazy, backward and superstitious. But in decades, we have eliminated it from our culture and replaced it with science and industry.
然而，游牧民族的一个优点是我们很务实。元朝之后几个世纪的宗教统治使我们生活在黑暗的时代，使我们变得懒惰、落后和迷信。但在几十年的时间里，我们把它从我们的文化中消除了，取而代之的是科学和工业。
We have given up the Cyrillic script that was used because of the deep influence of the Soviet Union. If there is a better one, we will usually learn and use it. If the tradition is no longer suitable for us, herdsmen will not be so sentimental to maintain the tradition.
我们放弃了因受俄罗斯深度影响而使用的西里尔文字，如果有更好的，我们通常会去加以学习和利用。如果传统不再适合我们，牧民们就不会那么多愁善感地维护传统。
In addition, creating a modern industrialized country requires a great deal of work and expertise. Herdsmen are not those who sit in the house and read all day long. They prefer to walk on the prairie and live freely on the land.
此外，创建一个现代化的工业化国家需要大量的工作和专业知识。牧民并不是那种整天坐在屋里看书的人，他们宁愿在大草原上漫步，自由地生活在陆地上。
Today, the Mongolian Republic does have ambitious, industrious and innovative Mongolians, but unfortunately, most of their nomadic descendants do not have this awareness.
今天，蒙古共和国确实有雄心勃勃、勤劳创新的蒙古人，但不幸的是，他们的大多数游牧后裔兄弟并没有这种意识。
Mongolia is developing and developing very fast. Great changes have taken place in this city over the years. Today, a small convenience store in the suburbs sells more varieties than the largest store in the 1990s. When I shop in the local supermarket, I am always surprised to see new things. For example, it is more and more common to sell mangoes in supermarkets. This may not seem strange to some of you, but we have never eaten fresh mangoes. But that's the problem. The cheapest mango varieties cost about $10 per kilogram. Some varieties are even more expensive. Not many people can afford mangoes at this price.
蒙古正在发展，并且发展得很快。多年来，这个城市发生了巨大的变化。今天，市郊的一家小型便利店的销售品种比90年代最大的商店还要多。当我在当地超市购物时，我总是惊讶地看到新的东西。例如，在超市里销售芒果越来越常见。这对你们中的一些人来说可能并不奇怪，但我们从来没有吃过新鲜的芒果。但问题就在这里。最便宜的芒果品种每公斤约10美元。有些品种甚至更贵。没有多少人能以这个价格买得起芒果。
At the same time, however, we are aware that some capitalist principles, such as land ownership, cannot be implemented in Mongolia. I wrote before that ranches cannot be privatized. The privatization of Mongolian grasslands has led to the intensification of animal husbandry, soil erosion and, most importantly, the loss of nomadic culture. On the other hand, the nomadic lifestyle is conducive to the sustainable use of pastures, but it also limits our development direction.
但与此同时，我们意识到，一些资本主义原则，例如土地所有权，在蒙古无法实施。我以前写过，牧场不能私有化。蒙古草原私有化导致畜牧业加剧，水土流失加剧，最重要的是游牧文化的丧失。另一方面，游牧生活方式有利牧场的可持续利用，但也限制了我们的发展方向。
蒙古网友的回答
I was born in 1990. When I was a child, Mongolia was a very poor country and was trying to recover from the chaos. But over the years, things have changed. There are some rich people, some new buildings and some roads in our country. But people have changed a lot. More and more selfish, more and more concerned about money.
我出生于1990年。当我还是个孩子的时候，蒙古是一个非常贫穷的国家，正努力从混乱中恢复过来。但多年来，情况发生了变化。我们国家出现了一些富人，一些新建筑和一些道路。但人们改变了很多。越来越自私，越来越关注金钱。
The Mongolian people are very modest, and the Mongolian government has changed its behavior towards its people. The problem is that the Mongolian government just copies the laws and regulations of other countries and never adjusts them according to the needs of the people. We Mongolian people grow in very different ways. The parents are busy with their work, while the children play outside all day, wasting their time with their friends in learning and education.
蒙古人民很谦虚，蒙古政府也改变了对其人民的治理方式。问题是，蒙古政府只是照搬照搬其他国家的法律法规，从不根据人民的需要进行调整。我们蒙古人民的成长方式非常不同。父母忙于工作，而孩子们整天都在外面玩，浪费了他们与朋友们的学习和教育时间。
At the same time, in countries like Japan and Germany, where we like to imitate, children must follow a very complicated path of growth. The government and parents are very concerned about this. I saw some foreign programs on TV showing how parents take care of their children. This is something that any young Mongolian has never been exposed to. So I think that all backwardness starts from the bottom.
与此同时，在像日本和德国这样我们喜欢模仿的国家，孩子们必须走一条非常复杂的成长道路，政府和家长都非常关注这一点。我在电视上看到一些外国节目，展示父母如何照顾孩子。这是任何蒙古年轻人从未接触过的事情。所以我认为，一切落后都是从底层开始的。
The second reason is that in Mongolia, you can live without money. I work in developed countries. I always see that people need to struggle a lot, especially the poor. In Mongolia, living in the yurt area is quite cheap. No rent, no land tax, if you have relatives in the countryside, food can also be free. There are hundreds of thousands of people working hard in Mongolia, while some people just live a primitive life without work.
第二个原因是，在蒙古，你可以在没有钱的情况下生存。我在发达国家工作。我总是看到人们需要奋斗很多，尤其是那些穷人。而在蒙古，居住在蒙古包地区相当便宜。没有租金，没有土地税，如果你在农村有亲戚，食物也可以免费。蒙古有几十万人在辛勤劳作，而有些人只是过着没有工作的原始生活。
The meaning of development is hard to describe. Everyone in the world will say that the Mongolian people living in rural areas as nomads are very poor because they have less pressure than those living in modern cities? In this modern world, there is a new trend of "being yourself and realizing your dreams". What is a dream? Happy or rich? I have been to several developed countries. I know that many middle class people are not happy though they live a good life.
发展的意义是很难描述的，世界上每个人都会说，作为游牧民族生活在农村的蒙古人民非常贫穷，是因为他们比生活在现代城市的人压力小吗？在这个现代世界，有一种新的趋势是“做你自己，实现你的梦想”。梦想是什么？幸福还是富有？我去过几个发达国家，我知道很多中产阶级虽然生活不错但并不幸福。
This is the yurt area of Ulaanbaatar. It seems that the people living there are very poor, but I can tell you that they enjoy themselves. No matter what happens, they have a place to live. Considering the quality of life there, they have hospitals and free education (universities are not free because we do not pay huge taxes), which is much better than many places.
乌兰巴托的蒙古包地区。看起来住在那里的人很穷，但我可以告诉你，他们自得其乐。不管发生什么事，他们都有一个安身之地。考虑到那里的生活质量，他们有医院，免费教育（大学不是免费的，因为我们不缴纳巨额税款），已经比很多地方好得多了。
In a word, the "satiety and contentment with the status quo" I mentioned above may be the reason for our slow development.
总之，我上面提到的“填饱肚子，安于现状”可能是我们发展缓慢的原因。
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原文地址"美国网友：和内蒙比，土地广袤资源丰富的蒙古为何就发展不起来？"：http://www.guoyinggangguan.com/xedk/194791.html。
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